THE FIVE TYPES OPERATING SYSTEMS

--->Batch Systems
    VAX-11/780

 

          The "native" VAX operating system is DEC's VAX/VMS (renamed to OpenVMS in 1991 or 1992 when it was ported to Alpha, "branded" by the X/Open consortium, and modified to comply with POSIX standards[2]). The VAX architecture and VMS operating system were "engineered concurrently" to take maximum advantage of each other, as was the initial implementation of the VAXcluster facility. Other VAX operating systems have included various releases of BSD UNIX up to 4.3BSD, Ultrix-32, VAXELN and Xinu. More recently, NetBSD and OpenBSD support various VAX models and some work has been done on porting Linux to the VAX architecture.

          The VAX-11/780 was the first VAX model sold, which was introduced on October 25, 1977 at the Digital Equipment Corporation's Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Bill Strecker, C. Gordon Bell's doctoral student at Carnegie-Mellon University, was responsible for the architecture. The VAX-11/780 was used as a baseline in CPU benchmarks because its speed was about one MIPS. The actual number of instructions executed in 1 second was about 500,000. One VAX MIPS was the speed of a VAX-11/780; a computer performing at 27 VAX MIPS would run the same program roughly 27 times faster than the VAX-11/780. Within the Digital community the term VUP (VAX Unit of Performance) was the more common term, because MIPS do not compare well across different architectures. The related term cluster VUPs was informally used to describe the aggregate performance of a VAXcluster. The performance of the VAX-11/780 still serves as the baseline metric in the BRL-CAD Benchmark, a performance analysis suite included in the BRL-CAD solid modeling software distribution. The VAX-11/780 included a subordinate stand-alone LSI-11 computer that performed booting and diagnostic functions for the parent computer. This was dropped from subsequent VAX models. Enterprising VAX-11/780 users could therefore run programs under three different Digital Equipment Corporation operating systems, VMS and using compatibility mode, RSX-11M, and RT-11 using this subordinate computer.


--->Interactive Systems
    INTERACTIVE UNIX System V/386

          INTERACTIVE UNIX System V/386 is a port of the UNIX System V operating system for Intel x86 processors. The system was first released by INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation (ISC) as 386/ix in 1985. At that time it was based on System V.3.0. Later versions were based on System V.3.2. Sun Microsystems acquired ISC in 1992 from its parent Eastman Kodak; the last version was "System V/386 Release 3.2 Version 4.1.1" released in July 1998. Official support ended in July 2006, 5 years after Sun withdrew the product from sale. Until version ISA 3.0.1, INTERACTIVE UNIX supported only 16 MB of RAM. In the next versions, it supported 256MB RAM and PCI bus. EISA versions always support 256MB RAM.


--->Real-time systems
    xPC Target™

          xPC Target™ is a real-time software environment from MathWorks. Together with x86-basedreal-time systems, it enables engineers to simulate and test Simulink and Stateflowmodels in an early-as-possible stage in real-time on the physical hardware under test. xPC Target™ enables you to execute Simulink® and Stateflow®models on a target computer for rapid control prototyping, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, and other real-time testing applications. It provides a library of drivers, a real-time kernel, and a host-target interface for real-time monitoring, parameter tuning, and data logging. The recommended development process is to design or model an algorithm or set of algorithms meant to be implemented in hardware in Simulink. For a complete, fully assembled, real-time testing solution, xPC Target Turnkey combines xPC Target with a variety of high-performance real-time target computers.

The Key Features of xPC Target™

• Real-time execution of Simulink and Stateflow models on a target computer via an optimized real-time kernel

• Support for target computer hardware, including PMC, PCI, PCIe, cPCI, and PC104 form factors

• Support for numerous I/O modules, including analog I/O, digital I/O, pulse train generation and capture, and shared memory

• Support for communication protocols and data buses, including serial, UDP/IP, CAN, J1939, ARINC 429, and MIL-STD-1553

• Tools for real-time monitoring, parameter tuning, and data logging

• Standalone operation using xPC Target Embedded Option

• Open APIs (Visual Basic, C/C++, Java, and .NET) for programmatically developing user interfaces

--->Hybrid Systems
Windows 7

                                                 Screenshot of Windows 7 Ultimate Edition

          Windows 7 is the latest release of Microsoft Windows, a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks, tablet PCs, and media center PCs. Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and reached general retail availability on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time.
Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware which Windows Vista was not at the time. Presentations given by Microsoft in 2008 focused on multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with a new taskbar, referred to as the Superbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup, and performance improvements. Some standard applications that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, including Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, are not included in Windows 7; most are instead offered separately at no charge as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.
Maximum limits on physical memory (RAM) that Windows 7 can address vary depending on both the Windows version and between 32-bit and 64-bit versions. The maximum quantity of cores in 1 physical processor of a PC that Windows 7 supports is: 32 for 32-bit, 256 for 64-bit. The maximum quantity of physical processors of a PC that Windows supports is: 2 for Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate; 1 for Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium.


--->Embedded Systems

                                                Amora Theme for Symbian OS 9.1 (s60 3rd)

          Symbian OS is one of Nokia's mobile operating systems for mobile devices and smartphones, with associated libraries, user interface, frameworks and reference implementations of common tools, originally developed by Symbian Ltd.  It is a descendant of Psion's EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an unreleased x86 port existed.
Symbian features pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection, like other operating systems (especially those created for use on desktop computers). EPOC's approach to multitasking was inspired by VMS and is based on asynchronous server-based events.

Symbian OS was created with three systems design principles in mind:

• the integrity and security of user data is paramount,

• user time must not be wasted, and

• all resources are scarce.

          To best follow these principles, Symbian uses a microkernel, has a request-and-callback approach to services, and maintains separation between user interface and engine. The OS is optimised for low-power battery-based devices and for ROM-based systems (e.g. features like XIP and re-entrancy in shared libraries). Applications, and the OS itself, follow an object-oriented design: Model-view-controller (MVC).